便携式渗漏检测装置在填埋场防渗层完整性检测的应用

利用基于双电极法的偶极子检测和基于电极栅格法的区块化检测装置,对重庆某生活垃圾填埋场进行了防渗层高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)膜完整性检测.结果表明:偶极子在漏洞附近时,其周围电势分布会出现正负突变;区块化检测利用网格铺设电极和上位机软件解析可以精确定位漏洞位置.基于高压直流电法的便携式渗漏检测系统,在填埋场铺设防护层的条件下能够有效地检测到直径约1 cm的漏洞,并且能够对漏洞进行精确定位.对 2种不同电学方法的验证表明,电极栅格法比双电极法测量范围大、精度高.      

Bisphenol S induces oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat spermatozoa in vitro and disrupts daily sperm production in vivo

Bisphenol S has been introduced into some industrial applications and it may act as a xeno-estrogen that can alter endocrine functions and reproduction. The present study was carried out to examine the effect of bisphenol S exposure on oxidative stress, generation of reactive oxygen species, and DNA integrity in rat spermatozoa in vitro and daily sperm production and sperm DNA damage in vivo. Sperm were incubated with bisphenol S at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 10, and 100 µg/L. At the highest concentration, bisphenol S induced formation of reactive oxygen species, caused lipid peroxidation, affected superoxide dismutase levels, and increased DNA fragmentation. Adult rats were exposed to doses of 0.5, 5, 25, and 50 µg/kg/d for 28 days. Decrease in daily sperm production and an increase in sperm DNA damage was observed at the highest dose in the 50 µg/kg/d treated group, but sperm motility was not reduced.     

环境监测体制改革的若干思考

讨论了环境监测体制改革的必要性和现实条件,通过对现行的几种旨在提高环境监测能力的方法进行比较分析的基础上,提出了当前环境监测体制改革的基本思路和建立环境监测公共实验室的初步构想,为环境监测体制改革顺利推进提供了关键、可行的解决路径。     

Governance models for nature-based solutions: Seventeen cases from Germany

Nature-based solutions (NBS) for mitigating climate change are gaining popularity. The number of NBS is increasing, but research gaps still exist at the governance level. The objectives of this paper are (i) to give an overview of the implemented NBS for flood risk management and mitigation in Germany, (ii) to identify governance models that are applied, and (iii) to explore the differences between these models. The results of a hierarchical clustering procedure and a qualitative analysis show that while no one-size-fits-all governance model exists, polycentricism is an important commonality between the projects. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further research on traditional governance model reconversion and paradigm changes. We expect the findings to identify what has worked in the past, as well as what is important for the implementation of NBS for flood risk management in future projects.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01412-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

稠油热采井防砂筛管失效机理及完整性研究

目的防止热采井筛管损坏,延长热采井防砂有效期。方法基于有限元理论,分别针对基管和外保护套,开展热采井优质防砂筛管在不同热应力补偿器及其安放间隔条件下的完整性研究,并开展室内实验,探究筛管在腐蚀、冲蚀共同影响下的失效规律。结果目前现场所使用的热应力补偿器设计基本满足防砂筛管基管的力学完整性需求,但无法保证外保护套的力学完整性,无法避免筛管的热应力损坏,建议在热应力补偿器设计时应充分考虑外保护套的受力状态及变形情况。纯高流速流体冲刷对管材本体无破坏作用,却对冲蚀-腐蚀环境中腐蚀产物膜具有冲刷破坏作用,冲蚀-腐蚀迭加条件是筛管冲蚀损坏的主要因素。结论合理的热应力补偿器加放及筛管材质选择,有利于提高筛管完整性,延长防砂有效期。     

拉林河流域底栖硅藻群落结构特征及水生态健康评价

随着农业活动的发展,对水域生态系统评估成为受农业活动影响区域水环境管理的有效手段.以我国东北典型水稻种植区拉林河流域为研究区域,调查分析了全流域范围河流内23个样点的底栖硅藻群落结构和水环境理化特征,基于优势种和理化指标的冗余分析（RDA）揭示了底栖硅藻群落生态分布特征并对关键影响因子进行识别.在此基础上应用底栖硅藻生物完整性指数（D-IBI）对拉林河流域水生态系统健康状况进行评价,并分析了底栖硅藻在农业活动区和非农业活动区下的群落结构及不同土地利用类型下的D-IBI.研究结果表明,拉林河流域底栖硅藻群落结构具有明显的空间差异性;D-IBI评价结果显示,拉林河流域水体整体健康状况为一般,农业活动会影响河流生态健康状况.其中,拉林河上游为健康,中游区域为较好至一般,下游区域轻度污染至重度污染.D-IBI和多数环境因子及IBI核心指标有显著或极显著的相关关系,能较好地反映研究区域环境信息,并适用于受农业活动干扰的拉林河流域生态健康评价.     

在役储运装置安全控制系统改造要求

基于对国内在役储运装置(大型储油罐区、站场、长输管道)安全控制/管理现状调研分析,并结合国际国内标准IEC61508和IEC61511(GB/T20438和GB/T21109)及国外石油公司良好的工程实践,开展在役储运装置安全控制系统可靠性研究,制定适应于储运装置成套的安全控制方案,形成在役储运装置安全控制系统设置/管理要求。     

基于微生物完整性指数的苏州市湿地健康评价

为建立在不同区域和不同湿地等大尺度范围内M-IBI（微生物生物完整性指数）评价方法体系,以苏州市15个湿地公园作为研究对象,构建符合区域性特征的生物完整性评价体系并进行应用研究.分别于2015年、2016年和2017年每年的7月对苏州市15个湿地公园的入流口和出流口水质进行采样调查,将采样点分为对照点、受损点和修复点,基于湿地水环境中微生物群落Illumina高通量测序技术,依据候选指标分布范围检验、敏感性分析和相关性检验,筛选出香农指数、前2优势分类单元相对丰度（相对丰度最多的2个属）总和、高温耐受属相对丰度、污染耐受属相对丰度、TN（总氮）敏感属相对丰度5个指标,提出了参数标准化公式和健康评价标准,依此将苏州市湿地健康状态划分为健康、亚健康、一般、较差、差5个等级.结果表明:①在10个受损点3 a所采集的30个样品中,有2个处于较差水平,有5个处于一般水平,有18个处于亚健康水平,有5个处于健康水平;而对于修复点,有23个样点处于健康水平,7个样点处于亚健康水平.②在农业面源污染较多的湿地入流口健康状况最差,工业用水汇入较多的湿地入流口次之,而城市景观水汇入的湿地入流口的健康状况最好.研究显示,M-IBI可以较合理地评价苏州市湿地生态系统健康状况,湿地对水环境的修复作用明显,经修复后的水体均处于健康或亚健康水平.      

安全仪表系统的性能维护及指标值计算

安全仪表系统（SIS）作为保障工业生产安全的重要措施,需要在危险发生时正确地执行其安全功能,采取有效措施维持安全仪表系统在运行阶段的性能是保障系统功能安全的关键。详细阐明了SIS在运行阶段应遵循风险评估分析、安全功能分配文件、安全要求规范、安全分析报告、安全完整性等级符合性等重要文档中的要求,给出了维持SIS安全完整性的主要活动,并在加强旁路、禁止和超驰控制管理,对SIS失效的响应、记录和分析,进行定期检查、维护和功能测试以及安全仪表系统的变更管理等方面提出了要求。提出了SIS的安全性能指标及目标值的简易计算方法,给出失效率更新流程、计算方法和功能安全测试间隔调整技术。所提的技术方法为如何保证安全仪表系统运行阶段的安全性能提供了有力指导,其可操作性强,便于在实际工程中进行应用。     

An institutional theoretic investigation on the links between internationalization of Chinese manufacturers and their environmental supply chain management

Increased market internationalization with more and stricter environmental regulations in different countries has caused manufacturers to extend their environmental management practices to cover their supply chain partners. Thus, environmental supply chain management (ESCM) has become an important competitive and environmental strategy for manufacturers to pursue. China, as a global manufacturer, is also facing this balance of economic development with environmental protection. The literature remains unclear on whether internationalization is beneficial or costly when it comes to environmental management practices such as ESCM within China. Further insight into this issue will be useful for organizations in developing and emergent economies to more effectively prepare for internationalizing their operations and markets. Using internationalization drivers that propel the implementation of environmental management practices in the Chinese manufacturing industry, we applied cluster analysis to group a sample of 377 Chinese manufacturers surveyed in 2007 into three clusters: mature internationalization, emergent internationalization, and domestic-focused. Institutional theory within an internationalization context sets the theoretical foundation for evidence that the international environmentally oriented institutional drivers encountered are positively associated with the adoption of ESCM practices by Chinese manufacturers. We also find significant differences in the environmental, economic and operational performance outcomes across the three manufacturer clusters. We conclude that manufacturing organizations experiencing internationalization with a greater extent of adopting ESCM practices tend to perform better.